Wednesday, 25 February 2015

Basic Civil Engineering Terms

DUCTILITY Ability of a material to deform easily under stress of temperature‚ pressure and Speed; especially‚ ability of a metal to stretch easily. Ductility is characterized by a weak elastic limit and significant lengthening.

WORKABILITY The ability of a mortar or a fresh concrete to fill correctly a mold or a formwork thanks to a well-studied batching of its constituents that give him a sufficient fluidity without harming its strength and its homogeneity. The workability is a factor of the first magnitude because it conditions among other things: good filling, simplicity of placing, good covering of reinforcements.

BUY BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING DVD in EBAY ---->  CLICK HERE

OR MESSAGE IN FACEBOOK  ---> MESSAGE HERE


BLEED To go up on the surface, speaking of the water contained in a mortar, a concrete. To reject internal water.

BLEEDING The appearance of a film of water or laitance on the surface of a slab or a concrete or mortar screed after troweling or vibration. The vibration, closing between them the various grains of the components of concrete, brings about the expulsion of a part of water that occupies the empties. Water, having lower density than the other components, goes up on the surface. Syn. with BLEED-THROUGH; SWEATING; WATER GAIN

SEGREGATION 1. An imbalance in the chemical composition of the different components of an alloy. 2. A preferential aggregation of the chemically alike components between them during the solidification phase of an alloy; this separation results in a chemically heterogeneous structure. 3. A selective dissociation, in distinct heaps, of different previously mixed bodies as a result of vibration, brewing, etc. 4. A phenomenon of dissociation of the concrete ingredients that can be due to various causes (excessive vibration, carriage, falls from critical height, etc.).

BUY BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING DVD in EBAY ---->  CLICK HERE

OR MESSAGE IN FACEBOOK  ---> MESSAGE HERE


HYDRATE A chemical body resulting from the combination of a body with water molecules.

HYDRATION Phenomenon of water absorption by a chemically receptive body. The process of chemical reaction between water and cement is also called hydration.


DURABILITY Resistance to weather condition

SHRINKAGE Decrease in volume of Concrete

BUY BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING DVD in EBAY ---->  CLICK HERE

OR MESSAGE IN FACEBOOK  ---> MESSAGE HERE


COMPACTION Compaction is removing the air from concrete. Proper compaction results in concrete with an increased density which is stronger and more durable.

BITUMEN: Bitumen is a generic name applied to the various mixtures of hydrocarbons. They may be gases, liquid ,semisolid and solid in nature and completely soluble in carbondisulphide.

Paints Paints are used to protect metals, timber, or plastered surfaces from the corrosive effects of weather, heat, moisture or gases etc and to improve their appearance

Saturday, 14 February 2015

Basic civil engineering 21

The minimum grades of concrete for prestressed applications are as follows. 
• 30 MPa for post-tensioned members (Ex:slabs)
• 40 MPa for pre-tensioned members. (Ex:sleepers)

Deflection of a simply supported beam for udl is 5 times more than the deflection of a fixed beam for the same loading and beam properties and dimensions.


REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT IN SLABS:-
-0.15% for Fe 250 grade of steel 
-0.12% for Fe 415 grade of steel.

REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENT IN COLUMNS

--Minimum % of steel=0.8% of gross cross section area.
--Maximum % of steel=4% of gross cross section area and should not exceed 6%.
--Minimum number of rods in circular and rectangular/square columns are 6 and 4 respectively.
--Minimum diameter of bar=12 mm.
--Bars spacing shall exceed 300 mm along periphery.
--For pedestals minimum area of reinforcement=0.15% of gross cross sectional area.

-Minimum Grade of Concrete for Liquid storage structures is M30.(as per IS 3370(Part 1):2009-Code of practice for storage of liquids)
-Minimum cement content is 320 kg/m3.
-Maximum cement content is 400 kg/m3.

PINNED SUPPORT- The beam rods terminate at the end of the beam and are not anchored into the columns.

SAFETY CURVE 


ACCELERATORS
->Accelerators are admixtures used in cold weather to increase the rate of hardening and thereby reduce the failure of concrete.
->They accelerate the hardening of cement & increase the rate of evolution of heat;hence the temperature of concrete is raised.
->CaCl2 is the most commonly used and reliable accelerator.
->Used upto a maximum of 2% by weight of cement.